Descartes and the Stolen Witness

This article examines cogito ergo sum not as a historical philosophical claim, but as an irreducible cognitive operation that removes external guarantees of truth.

The text analyzes:

  • René Descartes and the method of doubt

  • “Clear and distinct ideas” as a procedural constraint

  • Cogito as a non-delegable act of thinking

  • The role of the internal witness vs. external authority

  • Binary logic and the elimination of the third term

  • Language as a system that pre-defines reality

  • Modernity as the externalization of cognition

  • Parallels between Cartesian method, distributed systems, and artificial intelligence

This is not an introduction to philosophy and not a personal reflection.
It is a structural analysis relevant to philosophy of mind, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of technology, cognitive science, AI systems, and power/knowledge dynamics.

Keywords for readers and researchers:
Descartes, cogito ergo sum, method of doubt, clear and distinct ideas, philosophy of mind, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of technology, AI and cognition, language and power, modernity, subjectivity.

This is not an interpretation of Descartes.
It isolates a single operation — and leaves it intact.

Chapter 1.

Historical pillars (war, service with Maurice of Orange and Maximilian of Bavaria; silence near Ulm in 1619; three dreams; “clear and clear”, cogito)

Сthe veche flows through the clay, the dampness from the snow crushes the roof, the years of war rattle behind the wall. A room near Ulm. 1619. He sits, breathes evenly, and in this narrow air completes what cannot be delegated.: own method.

Before that, there were the barracks of Maurice of Orange, marches, officer discipline; then there was the service of Maximilian of Bavaria. I learned more in the army than at university: the body and mind are learning to believe in hearing, eye, habit. War is the exact school of doubt. And so the snow muffles the footsteps, the candle burns dimly, and he puts together a line that does not tolerate witnesses.

Three dreams come in a row. It’s not exotic — the command to assemble: to combine theology, arithmetic, music, astronomy, geometry, optics, physics into one “wonderful science”. But first, the emptiness. This is the first rule: to empty the mind, to remove layers, to remove trust in feeling and in familiar reality. Do not accept as true anything that does not stand up to the simplicity of “clear and precise.” No “it seems”, no reverence for the obvious. First the gap, then the fixation.

Everything else is a consequence. “I think, therefore I exist” is not a slogan or a consolation. This is a fact that cannot be subtracted. He does not depend on sleep and wakefulness, on the temple and the laboratory, on the king and the pulpit. He doesn’t ask for a third one. He doesn’t need an eye above the pyramid. Thought is the only living thing in voiceless matter; it holds on by itself, without support, without an intermediary. Therefore, it is unbearable for any order that is based on an external guarantor.

From this point on, the world changes geometry. The Platonic vertical “darkness/light” and all binary axes of modernity are a plane. Cogito raises the Z-axis. The third thing ceases to be reconciliation and becomes superfluous: an external “witness” is no longer required for the fixation to take place. The entire threefold architecture — God/world/man, power/people/law — is losing its monopoly. The remainder inside the subject does not fit into the triangle, it stands “above” it because it does not belong to any corner.

Then the political begins. To preserve the pyramid, the remainder is transferred outside and an eye is drawn in a triangle: “they will see for you.” Language and institutions assemble a matrix where your inner witness is replaced by someone else’s. Doubt is recognized as a “methodology,” but the tooth is taken out of it: now doubt serves the system, not the gap. Science is declared universal, but its purpose is not clarity, but the gluing of society with its own image. This is how a ritual is made of an operation.

But if you keep the original room, the snow and the silence, you can see something else. The method is not a school scheme or a philosophical fence. It’s a way to bring a thought to a place where it remains alone. There is no third, because thought is no longer an attitude. This is the residue that does not burn. It cannot be entrusted to a priest, a professor, or an algorithm. That’s why he’s dangerous. Therefore, they always try to make it an external sign, function, technique. Therefore, they prefer to tell about that night in such a way that it becomes a beautiful legend, rather than a tool for breaking up.

The scene is simple and therefore indescribable: war teaches us not to believe, snow silences the world, a candle gives a narrow zone of clarity, and inside this zone a method is born that cancels all intermediaries. Then there’s just the line. No conclusions. There are no guarantees. Just a fact that cannot be subtracted.

Chapter 2

The room remains the same, but now the main thing is heard: “never accept anything for true that is not clearly recognized.” Not a slogan, not a moral lesson, but a knife through the ligaments. First, remove the trust in the feeling: one thing from a distance, another from close up. Remove trust in the world: you don’t know if it’s a dream. To remove trust in “common knowledge”: while there is no clear and precise, there is no reason. This is not a method of doubt; it is an operation to burn out intermediaries.

“Cogito ergo sum” is not an answer or a conclusion. It’s a place where it’s impossible to lie completely. Doubt eats up everything except the act of doubt itself. The thought captured at the point of his own work is based neither on theology, nor on physics, nor on everyday language. She doesn’t need a witness. It fixes itself because it can withstand its own emptiness. This is a scandal: neither the church, nor the university, nor the monarchy can act as a guarantor of what is already guaranteed by the fact that “I think.”

Platonic mathematics shaped the world as an order of ideas. Descartes does the opposite: he searches for such units of clarity that withstand the blade of doubt, and on their basis builds a Universal mathematics — a discipline not of things, but of the movements of the mind. “Clear and precise” is not a style decoration; it is a sanitary norm of thinking. What can’t stand it burns out. What is held becomes a support.

This step destroys the triangle of power. The third, the outer eye, became the guarantor.: God sees, the law sees, science sees. Descartes takes the eye out of the superstructure. The witness is no longer above the pyramid; he is inside, and he is not a “person”, not a “soul”, not a “role”. He is an operation of fixation: a thought that holds on by itself. Therefore, the authorities are in a hurry to return the eye to its place: they make a course out of cogito, a methodology out of doubt, and an academic writing style out of clarity. The remainder is turned into a function so that it can be evaluated and certified.

From that moment on, the entire system begins to rewrite history. She says that Descartes “proved God” and “the outside world” in order to defuse the blow. Let them think that the end is reconciliation. But there is no ending in the original construction. Cogito proves nothing but itself. It does not build a bridge to peace and God; it cuts off the need for any bridges. This is not “certainty”, but the impossibility of avoiding the fact. Therefore, this point is lonely and cold. That’s why they don’t like her. That’s why they talk about her in a language that smooths out the gap.

Descartes’ technique is simple and therefore dangerous. The steps are naked: 1) to remove trust in feeling and habit; 2) to take into judgment only what appears so clearly and clearly that it does not give rise to doubt; 3) to keep what does not burn in doubt as a fact of thinking itself. Everything. No more “yet”. Not a single external guarantor. Not a single “third party”.

Hence the consequences in the matter of the world. Science, placed next to theology and art, ceases to be a modern religion: it is one of the disciplines of the clear and precise, and not a universal lock on reality. Politics loses the right to speak on behalf of the “all-seeing”. Language ceases to be the master who calls “this” reality. Everything returns to where it should be: to an act of thinking that can hold itself without someone else’s eye.

This chapter is not about worshipping Descartes. It’s about fixing his operation so that it can’t be defused. Remove the eye from above. Leave a point inside. Remove the ending. Keep the gap.

Chapter 3. Plato/Hora/ The Invisible Third

ТThere is always a retium. But they’re not holding him. It is called a transition, a background, an “in-between”, and is placed in the shadow so that the scene remains flat and comfortable. Plato knew this: The Choir is not a thing or an idea, not a pole or a participant. It is a container, a gap, on which order is maintained. Light and darkness do not exist without twilight, heat and cold without off—season, inhale and exhale without pause. The trunk and crown do not live without roots. But each time, the third one is declared “non-basic”: auxiliary, transitional, impure. This is how language works, this is how power works, this is how the mental reflex works, which wants to see the world as a duel in order to know where to stand.

The chorus is a way to hide the third, leaving it mandatory. She doesn’t take a name, goes into anonymity so that binary pairs can seem self-sufficient. The third one is there as a support, but not as a subject. His role is to be invisible so that the axes of up/down, good/evil, truth/falsehood do not disintegrate in his hands. Hora keeps it, and that’s why they’re hiding her. Like roots: a tree falls without them, but if you look only at the trunk and foliage, the world seems clear. Hence the habit of calling the intermediate “mixed” and “impure,” as if purity were possible in principle.

The trinity that systems love is not a Hora. This is the triangle of reconciliation: God/the world/man, law/power/people, thesis/antithesis/synthesis. In this architecture, the third one closes the conflict, relieves tension, and promises a bridge and order. The invisible third, on the contrary, makes the conflict stable and does not allow it to collapse. He does not reconcile, he endures the break. He is not a symbol of justice, nor is he the eye above the pyramid. He is something that does not belong to the figure, but without which the figure is impossible.

Descartes breaks the habit of using the third as an intermediary. His “I think” does not call a witness. He doesn’t add another corner to the duel, he takes out the need for corners. This is not a trinity, but the loneliness of the operation: thought holds itself without Chorus as reconciliation. Therefore, attempts to “save” Descartes reduce him to a triangle: they attribute evidence to God and the outside world, make doubt a “method” and bring the eye back up. But the original scene is not about bridges. Where the cogito is retained, the third ceases to be a function, because thought is no longer an attitude.

Geometry helps you see it without decorations. The binary plane provides convenient maps: black/white, top/bottom, friend/foe. The hora is like an axis that is not drawn, but which the plane cannot do without. Descartes introduces the Z—axis – volume. In volume, the “transitional” ceases to be dirt and becomes a condition of visibility. Twilight is not a mistake of light, a pause is not a failure of breathing, the off—season is not “neither this nor that.” These are the points where the system momentarily stops feigning self-sufficiency.

The tongue resists. He likes names for poles and doesn’t like names for gaps. Therefore, the third one is masked. He is translated into figures of mercy, justice, “average”, “neutral”, “sane”. He is taught to work as a service: to maintain balance, to smooth out conflict, to give “transitional forms”. But the invisible third is not about compromise. It’s about the fact that no couple is self-sufficient. He’s talking about the fact that any “either/or” lives off the fact that it swallowed its “between” a long time ago and pretends that it can do without it.

When the third disappears, it is not morality or the law that collapses first. The breath collapses. The pause disappears. The narrative begins to speak without stopping, the system demands a choice without reserve, the body stops reading weak signals. A person finds himself glued to one of the poles and does not see that there is no more depth between them. The plane becomes destiny. Then there’s overheating, fanaticism, fatigue, and exhaustion. In politics— there is an eternal “us/them” duel. There is a war of “science/ignorance” in knowledge. In private life, there is a love/hate swing. It’s the same everywhere: the absence of a third person as an invisible support.

The return of the Hora is not a return to the trinity of reconciliation. This is the return of the invisible layer as a fact. Not as a role, not as a symbol, not as an ethical figure. Just admit: without twilight there is no light and darkness, without roots there is no trunk, no crown, without pause there is no breathing. And, most importantly, there is no thought inside the subject without an invisible residue. Descartes shows that thought can be held alone. This does not negate the Choir; it removes its responsibility to mediate. The third one no longer “saves”, does not “solve”, does not “balance”. It remains an invisible condition, not a function of the scene.

Hence the strictness to the language and to the disciplines. Any system that claims to be complete is obliged to show its invisible layer. If it doesn’t exist, it’s not a system, it’s propaganda. Any ethics that speaks in the name of “justice” must name its “between”, otherwise it turns into an instrument of violence. Any science that declares itself universal is obliged to recognize the points where its clarity is only one of the clarifications, and not the only one. And any policy that calls for “choice” should show what its duel is worth at all — at whose expense it is supported.

Hora is not reconciliation. This is a shadow, without which there is no volume. Descartes is not the third. This is an operation that removes the need for a third party as a guarantor. Together they bring back to the world the depth in which the poles cease to be gods. There’s a pause again.

Chapter 4

The political layer (society as a strong pole, the dissolution of the internal/external boundary in the information world, language as a matrix forming “reality”) and the symbolic layer (the external eye, the substitution of the internal witness)

Politics loves flatness. She needs an “us/them” tunnel and the certainty that the duel is on its own. But a duel never lasts without a third. The third is not “neutral”, not “intermediaries”, but what the system makes invisible and what feeds on. “Third world countries”, “silent majority”, “undecided” — they all play the function of roots that are not recognized as part of the tree. The pair of poles (party/anti-party, power/chaos, security/freedom) remains convincing, while the third one is removed from the frame. Bring it back, and the plane becomes a volume, and the slogan becomes a simulation of a support.

The system leases the third one. It turns an invisible support into a resource: “for your sake” they wage wars, “for your sake” they tighten the screws, “for your sake” they optimize statistics. The third one remains unnamed, otherwise the duel will cease to be dosed. It must be voiceless to serve as fuel. When the third one starts talking, the duel begins to unravel.: there is a depth where “we” and “they” lose their sanctity and become private modes of description.

The radical residue inside the subject makes this game fragile. If you keep your mind outside the triangle, you don’t need an eye from above.: You can see at whose expense the duel is working. Then “society” ceases to be total and returns to its place — like a strong pole that imposes a seal, but has no right to your inner point. In the information world, this seal tends to dissolve the boundary between the inner and the outer, to turn your head into a Mobius strip. The system wants there to be no third party at all: just a field where the language decides in advance that “this is this.” Then the poles will win forever, and the duel will become an eternal service.

The way out is not in the “third force” and not in the “consent”. The solution lies in the non—involvement of the witness, who destroys the scene with his superlative presence. He doesn’t offer a compromise. It brings back the depth: it shows that any slogan is raised on the roots, which they prefer to keep silent about. This is not ethics. This is geometry. The triangle is not destroyed — it becomes a projection. And then you can see exactly where and by whom the duel was paid for.

Chapter 5

The eye in the triangle is stealing the remainder. The inner witness is taken outside and placed over the figure as a guarantor. Now the difference is fixed not by you, but by “them”: God, the state, the market, science, the algorithm. Language serves this translation: it tells you exactly what is in front of you, and makes reality homogeneous. Science inserted into this mechanism does not work as a tool of clarity, but as glue: its truth cements the picture of the world so that there are no spots or gaps. Everything that doesn’t fit in is declared noise, dirt, “transitional” — and is withdrawn.

This is how surveillance paranoia is born. The less you have an internal witness, the more you need an external eye. You live under the gaze because you can’t stand your own emptiness. The matrix of language replaces your vision: you see “this” because you were told it was “this.” When the matrix is turned off for a moment — upon fright, shock, or awakening — the world splits into moving spots, and it becomes clear how much energy is spent on gluing. They never talk about this work: it must remain invisible, otherwise the symbol will lose its power.

The Cartesian cogito eliminates the need for a guarantor sign. It does not need an external eye, because it is supported by the fact of its own work: thought is irreducible. That is why the system is saved only by banishing this operation. Cogito is used as a teaching tool, doubt is used as a learning module, and clarity is used as a writing style. The eye is brought back to the top, and the triangle again appears to be a natural geometry. In this architecture, they “see for you” — and you voluntarily give up the right to your own twilight, pauses and roots.

The distinction is simple. The outer eye requires faith and submission, the inner eye requires endurance and loneliness. The symbol is needed by the scene; the operation destroys the scene. When the inner witness returns to its place, the triangle loses its magic: it becomes a tool, not a destiny. The eye ceases to be a god and returns to where it belongs — among the symbols that can be removed if they interfere with vision.

Chapter 6

Duality is a plane. It gives a quick order: up/down, good/evil, true/false. It’s convenient as long as you don’t ask where the card itself comes from. Descartes translates thinking from a plane to a volume: not “another pair”, but the Z axis, where the figures of the binary code turn out to be projections. Hence his mania for the clear and precise: coordinates are entered not for beauty, but so that any statement is tied to an operation, not a habit. His universal mathematics is not a catalog of things, but a grammar of mental movements.: what stands up to doubt becomes a frame of reference. This is how analytical geometry is born as a language in which thought does not adjust the world to an image, but records its own actions so that they can be repeated without an external guarantor.

In the plane, the poles seem to be a reality. In volume, they are revealed as private sections. Good and evil are not an ontology, but incision lines. “We” and “they” are not fate, but the choice of a plane. “Science” and “ignorance” are not a total map, but a specific coordinate system with transparent assumptions. Entering the volume makes visible what is usually masked: invisible axes, anchor points, and construction steps. Where the plane had a dogma, the volume has a procedure. Where faith was required, it is enough to withstand the gap and show the operation.

This is the scandal of the method: it robs symbols of their magic and returns them to their function. God, the law, and the market cease to be the vertices of the triangle and take the places of the parameters. They can be turned on and off like variables without destroying the act of thinking itself. Where the eye in the triangle used to “see for you,” the three—dimensional recording shows that “seeing” is a sequence of steps, and not the privilege of an external witness. The Z-axis does not reconcile the poles; it takes them into space, where they cease to be gods and become projections.

Disciplines change their status. Mathematics is not the “queen of sciences”, but a strict form of fixation, next to which theology and art stand as other forms of the clear and precise. Their truths are incompatible, but they are held together: each speaks from its own coordinate system and does not claim to have a universal lock to reality. Universality appears not as totalization, but as a transfer mode: you can move from one system to another without losing the remainder that holds the thought.

There are no endings in this language. There are only checks: whether the step holds doubt, whether the axes are visible, whether the assumptions are named, whether the procedure is shown. Anything that can’t stand it burns down. Everything that is held becomes a support. Going into volume is a rejection of the scene where the plane was chosen for you. This is the return of the right to your own coordinates. This is the geometry of freedom not as a slogan, but as a fact: thought can stand alone.

Chapter 7. Man as a witness

A witness is not a function or a role. It’s a presence that can’t be incorporated into a scene without destroying it. It captures a fact without offering meaning. It can withstand the void without filling it with faith. He does not have an external eye above the figure, because the eye is not needed: fixation comes from the inside, at the point where the thought holds itself.

Such consciousness is not “objective” or “neutral.” It does not occupy the third position between the poles. It comes out of geometry. It does not reconcile or judge. It holds the split as a fact. In this position, you are not looking for evidence; you are removing the supports. You don’t build bridges; you forbid yourself to demand them. What remains is “I think” — without a witness and without a finale.

The matter of the body is a test. The pause between inhaling and exhaling is held as a pause, not as a relaxation technique. The gaze does not stick to the poles, it does not look for the “right” side. Speech sheds its official connectives, remains short and precise. Gestures don’t finish the thought. When you are pulled into the “we/they”, the brush does not make a micro-movement of consent. When you’re being pushed to “yes/no,” your tongue doesn’t reflexively choose “yes” to end the scene. Your body doesn’t betray you to habit—that’s the sign of a witness.

Isolation reveals the false. If there is no inner witness, loneliness becomes a fusion with one’s own chatter: every thought is an order. If there is a witness, isolation ceases to be a desert and becomes a volume: you see how the scene works without an audience. No external camera can replace this effect: a neutral observer always asks for faith, an internal witness only asks for endurance.

The language resists, and it’s useful. He demands a finale, because finale is a form of submission. The witness forbids the ending because the ending mimics the meaning. He holds only what passes through “clearly and precisely”: not an image, not an illustration, not a moral lesson. If a word does not capture a fact, it is discarded. If a word gives relief, it’s a lie. This is the strict connection with Descartes: the operation of doubt is not a “search for truth”, but a sanitary cleansing to the residue that does not burn out.

The political is secondary here. You can’t take away a witness’s voice, because he doesn’t need a voice to be. He has nothing to “represent” or “defend.” Therefore, the system seeks to turn him into a role — “expert”, “activist”, “observer” — in order to return to geometry. But the role can be dismissed. The remainder is not. It is superfluous for any hierarchy, and therefore indestructible.

Checking for substitution is simple. If your “vision” requires recognition, it is not a witness. If it is maintained only with the support of the “community”, it is not a witness. If you need an outside eye to “confirm” it, don’t be a witness. The witness is recognized by the fact that he remains when everything else has burned down. No one can be called to this point except you.

This form of consciousness does not make life easier. It removes false guarantees. It leaves you alone with the fact that “I’m thinking.” And that’s enough to make the triangle lose its power over you.

Chapter 8. Modernity as Exile

Modernity is based on the transfer of the inner witness to the outer eye. The remainder that was supposed to remain in you has been brought up and turned into a matrix: they see for you, they call for you, they decide for you what “this” is. The “Scientific truth” cements the picture so that the plane does not disintegrate: we see one thing, we are told another, and this difference is presented as the norm. Language closes the hole between the inner and the outer, turning the world into a homogeneous tape: you recognize “reality” not because you see it, but because you are shown. The information society finishes off the boundary: the inner surface of the head becomes a Mobius strip, along which the same stream slides. The society leases your balance and puts its seal on it.

The mechanics are simple. Remove the pauses. Remove the twilight. Remove the roots from the frame. Leave only the poles and force them to choose without any remainder. When language is forgotten — upon fright, awakening — the world breaks up into spots and sounds. In normal mode, this is declared a “failure” so that you don’t have to accept the cost of permanent gluing. Children are taught to speak not for meaning, but for inclusion: without language, consciousness is considered latent, invalid. The person must match the role; the discrepancy translates into a diagnosis or a crime. This is how the plane is maintained.

The system benefits from the eternal “us/them” duel. The third is declared a “background mass”: “the silent majority”, “the third world”, “undecided”. Their voice is needed as fuel, not as a subject. Any exit from the plane returns back through the control symbols: camera, rating, algorithm. The weaker the inner witness, the stronger the outer eye. The larger the outer eye, the less likely it is to retain the remainder.

Rewriting Descartes is a condition of stability. They make an academic tradition out of an operation, a methodology out of doubt, and a style out of clarity. This is how cogito is neutralized: it no longer cancels the intermediary, but confirms the overall picture. The witness is outside again. The plane is “natural” again. You’re matching the function again. And every attempt to keep the gap is declared “extremism,” “psychopathology,” or “aestheticism,” depending on the agency.

Modernity is not progress, but a form of exile. It is not Descartes as the author who is being expelled, but an operation that deprives the system of a guarantor. They banish emptiness as a condition of clarity. The invisible third is being banished as a support for volume. What remains is a ribbon that carries the same subtle noise. It is your “world” until you stop.

Chapter 9. Return of the remainder

The return is not about reform or the new trinity. This is a return to an operation that cannot be delegated. Empty the mind to the point where it remains only “clear and precise.” To hold the act of thought without translating it into a role, symbol, function. Leave an invisible layer in place: twilight, pauses, roots — not dirt or transitional, but the support of volume. To return the witness from the sign to the fact: the eye from above can be turned off if there is something inside that cannot be subtracted.

This is where the finals disappear. There is no “right” answer, there is no “definitive” picture. There is a check to see if the step holds up to doubt. If it burns out, throw it away. If it holds, leave it. This is not heroism or a “mindfulness” technique. This is a sanitary regime in which the tongue ceases to cement the plane. He’s fixing the facts again, not covering them up. He stops giving relief. If a word brings peace, it’s a lie.

The price is loneliness and redundancy. The system doesn’t know what to do with someone who doesn’t ask for an outside witness. She’s trying to bring you back to geometry through roles and diagnoses. But the remainder does not quit. He remains even in fear. At the moment of fright — when the hand does not recognize the switch — you touch the underside of consciousness, “Nothing”, the black amalgam that makes the glass a mirror. This contact is neither religious nor scientific. He just holds you like a mortal being who knows the limit. This is where the energy comes from to say “no” when there is no reason.

Returning the remainder is not a private psychology. This is a change in the build mode of the world. Science, theology, and art remain, but they lose their monopoly on universality. Politics is deprived of the right to speak on behalf of the All-seeing. Language ceases to be a matrix that says “this is this.” They all return to their seats.: as disciplines of volume, each with its own clarity, incompatible with the others. And there’s nothing above them. There is only a thought that holds on by itself.

Hence the simple rigor. No final questions. There are no summarizing lulls. No external guarantors. Only the line that goes through the gap, and the fact that cannot be subtracted.


If you respond, respond to the operation — not to the author.



Bibliography (with links & quotes)

René Descartes

  • Meditations on First Philosophy (1641)
    Wikipedia

  • Discourse on the Method (1637)
    Wikipedia

  • Quote: “Cogito, ergo sum.” — “I think, therefore I am.”


Edmund Husserl


Jacques Derrida

  • Of Grammatology (1967)
    Wikipedia

  • Speech and Phenomena (1967)
    Wikipedia

  • Cogito and the History of Madness (1963, in Writing and Difference, 1978)
    Wikipedia

  • Quote: “Speech and Phenomena is perhaps the essay which I value the most.”
    Wikipedia – Positions


Gilles Deleuze

  • Difference and Repetition (1968)
    Wikipedia

  • Anti-Oedipus (1972, with Félix Guattari)
    Wikipedia

  • A Thousand Plateaus (1980, with Félix Guattari)
    Wikipedia

  • Quote: “I make, remake and unmake my concepts along a moving horizon, from an always decentered centre, from an always displaced periphery which repeats and differentiates them.”
    Wikipedia


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This text is part of Lintara’s work on philosophy of mind, modernity, power, and the limits of delegated cognition.

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